1445 lines
23 KiB
ReStructuredText
1445 lines
23 KiB
ReStructuredText
=======
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Hy Core
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=======
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Core Functions
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==============
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.. _butlast-fn:
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butlast
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-------
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Usage: ``(butlast coll)``
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Returns an iterator of all but the last item in *coll*.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (list (butlast (range 10)))
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[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
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=> (list (butlast [1]))
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[]
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=> (list (butlast []))
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[]
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=> (list (take 5 (butlast (count 10))))
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[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
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.. _is-coll-fn:
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coll?
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-----
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
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Usage: ``(coll? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is iterable and not a string.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (coll? [1 2 3 4])
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True
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=> (coll? {"a" 1 "b" 2})
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True
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=> (coll? "abc")
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False
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.. _comp:
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comp
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----
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Usage: ``(comp f g)``
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Compose zero or more functions into a new function. The new function will
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chain the given functions together, so ``((comp g f) x)`` is equivalent to
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``(g (f x))``. Called without arguments, ``comp`` returns ``identity``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (setv example (comp str +))
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=> (example 1 2 3)
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"6"
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=> (setv simple (comp))
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=> (simple "hello")
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"hello"
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.. _complement:
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complement
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----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.12.0
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Usage: ``(complement f)``
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Returns a new function that returns the same thing as ``f``, but logically
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inverted. So, ``((complement f) x)`` is equivalent to ``(not (f x))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (setv inverse (complement identity))
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=> (inverse True)
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False
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=> (inverse 1)
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False
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=> (inverse False)
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True
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.. _constantly:
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constantly
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----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.12.0
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Usage ``(constantly 42)``
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Create a new function that always returns the given value, regardless of
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the arguments given to it.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (setv answer (constantly 42))
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=> (answer)
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42
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=> (answer 1 2 3)
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42
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=> (answer 1 :foo 2)
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42
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.. _dec-fn:
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dec
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---
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Usage: ``(dec x)``
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Returns one less than *x*. Equivalent to ``(- x 1)``. Raises ``TypeError``
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if ``(not (numeric? x))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (dec 3)
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2
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=> (dec 0)
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-1
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=> (dec 12.3)
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11.3
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.. _disassemble-fn:
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disassemble
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-----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
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Usage: ``(disassemble tree &optional [codegen false])``
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Dump the Python AST for given Hy *tree* to standard output. If *codegen*
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is ``True``, the function prints Python code instead.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (disassemble '(print "Hello World!"))
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Module(
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body=[
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Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='print'), args=[Str(s='Hello World!')], keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None))])
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=> (disassemble '(print "Hello World!") True)
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print('Hello World!')
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.. _empty?-fn:
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empty?
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------
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Usage: ``(empty? coll)``
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Returns ``True`` if *coll* is empty. Equivalent to ``(= 0 (len coll))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (empty? [])
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True
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=> (empty? "")
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True
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=> (empty? (, 1 2))
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False
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.. _eval-fn:
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eval
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----
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``eval`` evaluates a quoted expression and returns the value. The optional
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second and third arguments specify the dictionary of globals to use and the
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module name. The globals dictionary defaults to ``(local)`` and the module name
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defaults to the name of the current module. An optional fourth keyword parameter,
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``compiler``, allows one to re-use an existing ``HyASTCompiler`` object for the
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compilation step.
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.. code-block:: clj
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=> (eval '(print "Hello World"))
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"Hello World"
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If you want to evaluate a string, use ``read-str`` to convert it to a
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form first:
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.. code-block:: clj
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=> (eval (read-str "(+ 1 1)"))
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2
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.. _every?-fn:
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every?
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------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
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Usage: ``(every? pred coll)``
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Returns ``True`` if ``(pred x)`` is logical true for every *x* in *coll*,
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otherwise ``False``. Return ``True`` if *coll* is empty.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (every? even? [2 4 6])
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True
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=> (every? even? [1 3 5])
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False
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=> (every? even? [2 4 5])
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False
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=> (every? even? [])
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True
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.. _exec-fn:
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exec
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----
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Equivalent to Python 3's built-in function :py:func:`exec`.
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.. code-block:: clj
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=> (exec "print(a + b)" {"a" 1} {"b" 2})
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3
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.. _float?-fn:
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float?
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-------
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Usage: ``(float? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is a float.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (float? 3.2)
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True
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=> (float? -2)
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False
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.. _fraction-fn:
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fraction
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--------
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Returns a Python object of type ``fractions.Fraction``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (fraction 1 2)
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Fraction(1, 2)
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Note that Hy has a built-in fraction literal that does the same thing:
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> 1/2
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Fraction(1, 2)
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.. _even?-fn:
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even?
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-----
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Usage: ``(even? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is even. Raises ``TypeError`` if
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``(not (numeric? x))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (even? 2)
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True
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=> (even? 13)
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False
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=> (even? 0)
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True
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.. _identity-fn:
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identity
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--------
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Usage: ``(identity x)``
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Returns the argument supplied to the function.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (identity 4)
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4
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=> (list (map identity [1 2 3 4]))
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[1 2 3 4]
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.. _inc-fn:
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inc
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---
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Usage: ``(inc x)``
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Returns one more than *x*. Equivalent to ``(+ x 1)``. Raises ``TypeError``
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if ``(not (numeric? x))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (inc 3)
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4
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=> (inc 0)
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1
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=> (inc 12.3)
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13.3
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.. _instance?-fn:
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instance?
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---------
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Usage: ``(instance? class x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is an instance of *class*.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (instance? float 1.0)
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True
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=> (instance? int 7)
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True
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=> (instance? str (str "foo"))
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True
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=> (defclass TestClass [object])
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=> (setv inst (TestClass))
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=> (instance? TestClass inst)
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True
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.. _integer?-fn:
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integer?
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--------
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Usage: ``(integer? x)``
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Returns `True` if *x* is an integer. For Python 2, this is
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either ``int`` or ``long``. For Python 3, this is ``int``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (integer? 3)
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True
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=> (integer? -2.4)
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False
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.. _interleave-fn:
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interleave
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----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(interleave seq1 seq2 ...)``
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Returns an iterable of the first item in each of the sequences,
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then the second, etc.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (list (interleave (range 5) (range 100 105)))
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[0, 100, 1, 101, 2, 102, 3, 103, 4, 104]
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=> (list (interleave (range 1000000) "abc"))
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[0, 'a', 1, 'b', 2, 'c']
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.. _interpose-fn:
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interpose
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---------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(interpose item seq)``
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Returns an iterable of the elements of the sequence separated by the item.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (list (interpose "!" "abcd"))
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['a', '!', 'b', '!', 'c', '!', 'd']
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=> (list (interpose -1 (range 5)))
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[0, -1, 1, -1, 2, -1, 3, -1, 4]
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.. _iterable?-fn:
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iterable?
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---------
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Usage: ``(iterable? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is iterable. Iterable objects return a new iterator
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when ``(iter x)`` is called. Contrast with :ref:`iterator?-fn`.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> ;; works for strings
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=> (iterable? (str "abcde"))
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True
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=> ;; works for lists
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=> (iterable? [1 2 3 4 5])
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True
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=> ;; works for tuples
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=> (iterable? (, 1 2 3))
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True
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=> ;; works for dicts
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=> (iterable? {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3})
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True
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=> ;; works for iterators/generators
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=> (iterable? (repeat 3))
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True
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.. _iterator?-fn:
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iterator?
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---------
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Usage: ``(iterator? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is an iterator. Iterators are objects that return
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themselves as an iterator when ``(iter x)`` is called. Contrast with
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:ref:`iterable?-fn`.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> ;; doesn't work for a list
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=> (iterator? [1 2 3 4 5])
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False
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=> ;; but we can get an iter from the list
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=> (iterator? (iter [1 2 3 4 5]))
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True
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=> ;; doesn't work for dict
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=> (iterator? {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3})
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False
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=> ;; create an iterator from the dict
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=> (iterator? (iter {:a 1 :b 2 :c 3}))
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True
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.. _juxt-fn:
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juxt
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----
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.. versionadded:: 0.12.0
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Usage: ``(juxt f &rest fs)``
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Return a function that applies each of the supplied functions to a
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single set of arguments and collects the results into a list.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> ((juxt min max sum) (range 1 101))
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[1, 100, 5050]
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=> (dict (map (juxt identity ord) "abcdef"))
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{'f': 102, 'd': 100, 'b': 98, 'e': 101, 'c': 99, 'a': 97}
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=> ((juxt + - * /) 24 3)
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[27, 21, 72, 8.0]
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.. _keyword-fn:
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keyword
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-------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(keyword "foo")``
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Create a keyword from the given value. Strings, numbers, and even
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objects with the `__name__` magic will work.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (keyword "foo")
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HyKeyword('foo')
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=> (keyword 1)
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HyKeyword('foo')
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.. _keyword?-fn:
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keyword?
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--------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(keyword? foo)``
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Check whether *foo* is a :ref:`keyword<HyKeyword>`.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (keyword? :foo)
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True
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=> (setv foo 1)
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=> (keyword? foo)
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False
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.. _macroexpand-fn:
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macroexpand
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-----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
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Usage: ``(macroexpand form)``
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Returns the full macro expansion of *form*.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (macroexpand '(-> (a b) (x y)))
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('x'),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('a'),
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HySymbol('b')]),
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HySymbol('y')])
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=> (macroexpand '(-> (a b) (-> (c d) (e f))))
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('e'),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('c'),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('a'),
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HySymbol('b')]),
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HySymbol('d')]),
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HySymbol('f')])
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.. _macroexpand-1-fn:
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macroexpand-1
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-------------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
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Usage: ``(macroexpand-1 form)``
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Returns the single step macro expansion of *form*.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (macroexpand-1 '(-> (a b) (-> (c d) (e f))))
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('_>'),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('a'),
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HySymbol('b')]),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('c'),
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HySymbol('d')]),
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HyExpression([
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HySymbol('e'),
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HySymbol('f')])])
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.. _mangle-fn:
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mangle
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------
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Usage: ``(mangle x)``
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Stringify the input and translate it according to :ref:`Hy's mangling rules
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<mangling>`.
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.. code-block:: hylang
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=> (mangle "foo-bar")
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'foo_bar'
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.. _merge-with-fn:
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merge-with
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----------
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(merge-with f &rest maps)``
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Returns a map that consist of the rest of the maps joined onto first.
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If a key occurs in more than one map, the mapping(s) from the latter
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(left-to-right) will be combined with the mapping in the result by
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calling ``(f val-in-result val-in-latter)``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (merge-with + {"a" 10 "b" 20} {"a" 1 "c" 30})
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{u'a': 11L, u'c': 30L, u'b': 20L}
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.. _name-fn:
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name
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----
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.. versionadded:: 0.10.1
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Usage: ``(name :keyword)``
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Convert the given value to a string. Keyword special character will be
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stripped. Strings will be used as is. Even objects with the `__name__`
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magic will work.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (name :foo)
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u'foo'
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.. _neg?-fn:
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neg?
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----
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Usage: ``(neg? x)``
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Returns ``True`` if *x* is less than zero. Raises ``TypeError`` if
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``(not (numeric? x))``.
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.. code-block:: hy
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=> (neg? -2)
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True
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|
=> (neg? 3)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (neg? 0)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
.. _none?-fn:
|
|
|
|
none?
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(none? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is ``None``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (none? None)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (none? 0)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (setv x None)
|
|
=> (none? x)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> ;; list.append always returns None
|
|
=> (none? (.append [1 2 3] 4))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _nth-fn:
|
|
|
|
nth
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(nth coll n &optional [default None])``
|
|
|
|
Returns the *n*-th item in a collection, counting from 0. Return the
|
|
default value, ``None``, if out of bounds (unless specified otherwise).
|
|
Raises ``ValueError`` if *n* is negative.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (nth [1 2 4 7] 1)
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
=> (nth [1 2 4 7] 3)
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
=> (none? (nth [1 2 4 7] 5))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (nth [1 2 4 7] 5 "default")
|
|
'default'
|
|
|
|
=> (nth (take 3 (drop 2 [1 2 3 4 5 6])) 2))
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
=> (nth [1 2 4 7] -1)
|
|
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
|
...
|
|
ValueError: Indices for islice() must be None or an integer: 0 <= x <= sys.maxsize.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _numeric?-fn:
|
|
|
|
numeric?
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(numeric? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is a numeric, as defined in Python's
|
|
``numbers.Number`` class.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (numeric? -2)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (numeric? 3.2)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (numeric? "foo")
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _odd?-fn:
|
|
|
|
odd?
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(odd? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is odd. Raises ``TypeError`` if
|
|
``(not (numeric? x))``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (odd? 13)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (odd? 2)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (odd? 0)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
.. _partition-fn:
|
|
|
|
partition
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(partition coll [n] [step] [fillvalue])``
|
|
|
|
Chunks *coll* into *n*-tuples (pairs by default).
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (partition (range 10))) ; n=2
|
|
[(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9)]
|
|
|
|
The *step* defaults to *n*, but can be more to skip elements, or less for a sliding window with overlap.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (partition (range 10) 2 3))
|
|
[(0, 1), (3, 4), (6, 7)]
|
|
=> (list (partition (range 5) 2 1))
|
|
[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
|
|
|
|
The remainder, if any, is not included unless a *fillvalue* is specified.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (partition (range 10) 3))
|
|
[(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8)]
|
|
=> (list (partition (range 10) 3 :fillvalue "x"))
|
|
[(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8), (9, 'x', 'x')]
|
|
|
|
.. _pos?-fn:
|
|
|
|
pos?
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(pos? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is greater than zero. Raises ``TypeError``
|
|
if ``(not (numeric? x))``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (pos? 3)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (pos? -2)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (pos? 0)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _second-fn:
|
|
|
|
second
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(second coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns the second member of *coll*. Equivalent to ``(get coll 1)``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (second [0 1 2])
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _some-fn:
|
|
|
|
some
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.10.0
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(some pred coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns the first logically-true value of ``(pred x)`` for any ``x`` in
|
|
*coll*, otherwise ``None``. Return ``None`` if *coll* is empty.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (some even? [2 4 6])
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (none? (some even? [1 3 5]))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (none? (some identity [0 "" []]))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (some identity [0 "non-empty-string" []])
|
|
'non-empty-string'
|
|
|
|
=> (none? (some even? []))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _list?-fn:
|
|
|
|
list?
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(list? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is a list.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list? '(inc 41))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (list? '42)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _string?-fn:
|
|
|
|
string?
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(string? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is a string.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (string? "foo")
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (string? -2)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
.. _symbol?-fn:
|
|
|
|
symbol?
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(symbol? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is a symbol.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (symbol? 'foo)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (symbol? '[a b c])
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _tuple?-fn:
|
|
|
|
tuple?
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(tuple? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is a tuple.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (tuple? (, 42 44))
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
=> (tuple? [42 44])
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _zero?-fn:
|
|
|
|
zero?
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(zero? x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns ``True`` if *x* is zero.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (zero? 3)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (zero? -2)
|
|
False
|
|
|
|
=> (zero? 0)
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sequence Functions
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
Sequence functions can either create or operate on a potentially
|
|
infinite sequence without requiring the sequence be fully realized in
|
|
a list or similar container. They do this by returning a Python
|
|
iterator.
|
|
|
|
We can use the canonical infinite Fibonacci number generator
|
|
as an example of how to use some of these functions.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
(defn fib []
|
|
(setv a 0)
|
|
(setv b 1)
|
|
(while True
|
|
(yield a)
|
|
(setv (, a b) (, b (+ a b)))))
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note the ``(while True ...)`` loop. If we run this in the REPL,
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (fib)
|
|
<generator object fib at 0x101e642d0>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Calling the function only returns an iterator, but does no
|
|
work until we consume it. Trying something like this is not recommend as
|
|
the infinite loop will run until it consumes all available RAM, or
|
|
in this case until I killed it.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (fib))
|
|
[1] 91474 killed hy
|
|
|
|
|
|
To get the first 10 Fibonacci numbers, use :ref:`take-fn`. Note that
|
|
:ref:`take-fn` also returns a generator, so I create a list from it.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 10 (fib)))
|
|
[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
|
|
|
|
|
|
To get the Fibonacci number at index 9, (starting from 0):
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (nth (fib) 9)
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _cycle-fn:
|
|
|
|
cycle
|
|
-----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(cycle coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an infinite iterator of the members of coll.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: clj
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 7 (cycle [1 2 3])))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 2 (cycle [1 2 3])))
|
|
[1, 2]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _distinct-fn:
|
|
|
|
distinct
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(distinct coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator containing only the unique members in *coll*.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (distinct [ 1 2 3 4 3 5 2 ]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (distinct []))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (distinct (iter [ 1 2 3 4 3 5 2 ])))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _drop-fn:
|
|
|
|
drop
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(drop n coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator, skipping the first *n* members of *coll*.
|
|
Raises ``ValueError`` if *n* is negative.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop 2 [1 2 3 4 5]))
|
|
[3, 4, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop 4 [1 2 3 4 5]))
|
|
[5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop 0 [1 2 3 4 5]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop 6 [1 2 3 4 5]))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _drop-last-fn:
|
|
|
|
drop-last
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(drop-last n coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator of all but the last *n* items in *coll*. Raises
|
|
``ValueError`` if *n* is negative.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-last 5 (range 10 20)))
|
|
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-last 0 (range 5)))
|
|
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-last 100 (range 100)))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 5 (drop-last 100 (count 10))))
|
|
[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _drop-while-fn:
|
|
|
|
drop-while
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(drop-while pred coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator, skipping members of *coll* until *pred* is ``False``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-while even? [2 4 7 8 9]))
|
|
[7, 8, 9]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-while numeric? [1 2 3 None "a"])))
|
|
[None, u'a']
|
|
|
|
=> (list (drop-while pos? [2 4 7 8 9]))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _filter-fn:
|
|
|
|
filter
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(filter pred coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator for all items in *coll* that pass the predicate *pred*.
|
|
|
|
See also :ref:`remove-fn`.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (filter pos? [1 2 3 -4 5 -7]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (filter even? [1 2 3 -4 5 -7]))
|
|
[2, -4]
|
|
|
|
.. _flatten-fn:
|
|
|
|
flatten
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.9.12
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(flatten coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns a single list of all the items in *coll*, by flattening all
|
|
contained lists and/or tuples.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (flatten [1 2 [3 4] 5])
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (flatten ["foo" (, 1 2) [1 [2 3] 4] "bar"])
|
|
['foo', 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'bar']
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _iterate-fn:
|
|
|
|
iterate
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(iterate fn x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator of *x*, *fn(x)*, *fn(fn(x))*, etc.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 5 (iterate inc 5)))
|
|
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 5 (iterate (fn [x] (* x x)) 5)))
|
|
[5, 25, 625, 390625, 152587890625]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _read-fn:
|
|
|
|
read
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(read &optional [from-file eof])``
|
|
|
|
Reads the next Hy expression from *from-file* (defaulting to ``sys.stdin``), and
|
|
can take a single byte as EOF (defaults to an empty string). Raises ``EOFError``
|
|
if *from-file* ends before a complete expression can be parsed.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (read)
|
|
(+ 2 2)
|
|
HyExpression([
|
|
HySymbol('+'),
|
|
HyInteger(2),
|
|
HyInteger(2)])
|
|
=> (eval (read))
|
|
(+ 2 2)
|
|
4
|
|
=> (import io)
|
|
=> (setv buffer (io.StringIO "(+ 2 2)\n(- 2 1)"))
|
|
=> (eval (read :from-file buffer))
|
|
4
|
|
=> (eval (read :from-file buffer))
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
=> (with [f (open "example.hy" "w")]
|
|
... (.write f "(print 'hello)\n(print \"hyfriends!\")"))
|
|
35
|
|
=> (with [f (open "example.hy")]
|
|
... (try (while True
|
|
... (setv exp (read f))
|
|
... (print "OHY" exp)
|
|
... (eval exp))
|
|
... (except [e EOFError]
|
|
... (print "EOF!"))))
|
|
OHY HyExpression([
|
|
HySymbol('print'),
|
|
HyExpression([
|
|
HySymbol('quote'),
|
|
HySymbol('hello')])])
|
|
hello
|
|
OHY HyExpression([
|
|
HySymbol('print'),
|
|
HyString('hyfriends!')])
|
|
hyfriends!
|
|
EOF!
|
|
|
|
read-str
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(read-str "string")``
|
|
|
|
This is essentially a wrapper around `read` which reads expressions from a
|
|
string:
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (read-str "(print 1)")
|
|
HyExpression([
|
|
HySymbol('print'),
|
|
HyInteger(1)])
|
|
=> (eval (read-str "(print 1)"))
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
.. _remove-fn:
|
|
|
|
remove
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(remove pred coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator from *coll* with elements that pass the
|
|
predicate, *pred*, removed.
|
|
|
|
See also :ref:`filter-fn`.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (remove odd? [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[2, 4, 6]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (remove pos? [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (remove neg? [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _repeat-fn:
|
|
|
|
repeat
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(repeat x)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator (infinite) of ``x``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 6 (repeat "s")))
|
|
[u's', u's', u's', u's', u's', u's']
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _repeatedly-fn:
|
|
|
|
repeatedly
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(repeatedly fn)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator by calling *fn* repeatedly.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (import [random [randint]])
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 5 (repeatedly (fn [] (randint 0 10)))))
|
|
[6, 2, 0, 6, 7]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _take-fn:
|
|
|
|
take
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(take n coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator containing the first *n* members of *coll*.
|
|
Raises ``ValueError`` if *n* is negative.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 3 [1 2 3 4 5]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 4 (repeat "s")))
|
|
[u's', u's', u's', u's']
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take 0 (repeat "s")))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
.. _take-nth-fn:
|
|
|
|
take-nth
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(take-nth n coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator containing every *n*-th member of *coll*.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-nth 2 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[1, 3, 5, 7]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-nth 3 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[1, 4, 7]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-nth 4 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[1, 5]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-nth 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7]))
|
|
[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _take-while-fn:
|
|
|
|
take-while
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(take-while pred coll)``
|
|
|
|
Returns an iterator from *coll* as long as *pred* returns ``True``.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hy
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-while pos? [ 1 2 3 -4 5]))
|
|
[1, 2, 3]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-while neg? [ -4 -3 1 2 5]))
|
|
[-4, -3]
|
|
|
|
=> (list (take-while neg? [ 1 2 3 -4 5]))
|
|
[]
|
|
|
|
.. _unmangle-fn:
|
|
|
|
unmangle
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
Usage: ``(unmangle x)``
|
|
|
|
Stringify the input and return a string that would :ref:`mangle <mangling>` to
|
|
it. Note that this isn't a one-to-one operation, and nor is ``mangle``, so
|
|
``mangle`` and ``unmangle`` don't always round-trip.
|
|
|
|
.. code-block:: hylang
|
|
|
|
=> (unmangle "foo_bar")
|
|
'foo-bar'
|
|
|
|
Included itertools
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
count cycle repeat accumulate chain compress drop-while remove group-by islice *map take-while tee zip-longest product permutations combinations multicombinations
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
All of Python's `itertools <https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html>`_
|
|
are available. Some of their names have been changed:
|
|
|
|
- ``starmap`` has been changed to ``*map``
|
|
|
|
- ``combinations_with_replacement`` has been changed to ``multicombinations``
|
|
|
|
- ``groupby`` has been changed to ``group-by``
|
|
|
|
- ``takewhile`` has been changed to ``take-while``
|
|
|
|
- ``dropwhile`` has been changed to ``drop-while``
|
|
|
|
- ``filterfalse`` has been changed to ``remove``
|